Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay Example for Free

Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay ABSTRACT Seven participants each viewed two flipbooks of slow and fast speeds of hand-drawn dots and stick figures. By counterbalancing the conditions, each participant watched the flipbooks according to the sequential order. After viewing either the slow or fast flipbooks, a questionnaire was used to collect and calculate raw data of the experience; which concerned realness, enjoy ability, smoothness, and speed quality. Hypothesizing how speed affects the quality of a flipbook supports Gestalt’s theory and dynamic case of apparent motion perceived. However, contradicting and compromising with the low-speed assumption and case first reported by Wallach. Introduction A popular and thorough explanation for brain and visual functioning, perception, and sensation is known as ‘Gestalt Theory.’ Gestalt theory explains that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Individual parts alone cannot conclude to be as great or effective as the whole entirely. This is important to recognize because a better understanding of why and how the world is viewed as a whole picture can be related to real world instances. Such as in motion pictures and in flipbooks, which helps to differentiate between perceiving apparent motion and actual, real motion. For instance, we involuntarily blink our eyes everyday, and although this is an action of real motion, apparent motion plays its part by filling in the blanks of blackness or darkness when blinking occurs. Furthermore, the theory then can translate to: the whole experience of sensation and perception is greater than the sum of individual parts of sensation and perception. The theories of Gestalt help to explain extraordinary circumstances and phenomena’s of perception that are experienced in life, whether that may be visual or auditory illusions as well. In particular,  apparent motion is a more specific area of study in Gestalt theory which touches upon this psychological and perceptual experience. Apparent motion previously studied suggests that it â€Å"may result when stationary stimuli are presented sequentially to different retinal locations. Apparent motion is inferred from information about change in position. (Green, 1983).†The successive presentation elicits an impression of motion (Sato, 1989).† â€Å"The perception of motion depends on the integration of visual information over space and time.(Snowden, 1990).† This information subsequently leads to the research question to pursue of: does speed effect the quality of apparent motion perceived in a flipbook? It may seem like a simple question to ask, but also factoring in a questionnaire, participant feelings, two flipbooks of with two speed settings of slow and fast, and different colored pages can lead to possible, unsuspecting findings about the phenomena of apparent motion; which has mostly been individually considered in previous studies. There has been many studies on dot patterns, biological factors, vision, sound perception, and real motion in relation to apparent motion. So, this experiment is quite different than the usual, although it may be as simple as using a flipbook and participants. However, previous studies helped strengthen the answers of the research question and hypothesis. Therefore, supporting studies reported by Gepshstein and Kubovy (2007) suggest that: for every speed, there â€Å"exists a condition for which contrast sensitivity is maximal.† They also found results that determined speed concludes the regime of motion; which can strengthen the hypothesis of speed effecting apparent motion being perceived. Method Participants. Seven participants from Connecticut participated in an independent research project concerning a class of psychological sensation and perception. There were four males and three females who had normal to corrected vision. Participants ranged from 21 to 52 years of age. Materials. Two hand drawn flipbooks were created by using bamboo paper and binder clips. A Likert rating scale was used as the method of answering questions. Design and Analysis. The experiment was a 2 (sequence: flipbook A and flipbook B or flipbook B and flipbook A) X 2(speed: fast or slow) design with four questions manipulated between subjects. There were two  independent variables in this study, which were the flipbooks and the questions. The flipbooks had two levels of fast and slow; the fast flipbook (A) consisted of all the same colored paper and an image of a ball in different locations on the ascending pages. The slow flipbook (B) had different colored pages of paper on every other page, on every other page there was not any image drawn on it. This flipbook had a drawing of a stick figure walking and bumping into a wall. The dependent variable was the effect of speed quality through the obtained scores from participants from the questionnaire. Since there were not many participants available for this experiment, it was necessary to counterbalance the conditions. The first participant seen the fast flipbook first, then took the Likert scale questionnaire; secondly, the slow flipbook was shown to the first participant afterwards and then answering the questionnaire. The second participant was shown the slow flipbook first, then took the questionnaire, following that the fast flipbook was shown second and then the questionnaire was answered. The questionnaire was made up of four questions. This would continuously go on from participant to participant until the last, seventh participant. From these factors, a two-way, within-subjects ANOVA of within-subjects was the design Procedure Participants were seated at a table and were informed that they would be participating in an experiment and to answer all questions honestly. Then, the first flipbook was presented to the participant by the experimenter whom operated both of the flip books which accurately set the speeds. This happened continuously until the last participant. There were two trials of this experiment, which consisted of showing a fast flipbook (A) and slow flipbook (B). Upon completion of watching each flipbook, participants were questioned about their experience by using the Likert Scale rating. The responses were collected and recorded in Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS 20. The experiment lasted about 35 minutes. Results The main effect of flipbook responses for flipbook A (fast) had a mean of M=3.36. The responses for flipbook B (slow) had a mean of M=2.14 (see table 1 and figure 1). A two-way, within-subjects ANOVA illustrated that the  difference between the mean of flip book A and flipbook B was statistically significant; F(1,6)=12.892, p0.05. The error bars represent the standard error of means (SEM) and flipbook A SEM=0.31 and flipbook B SEM=0.51.The main effect of flipbook was significant due to speed manipulation. Flipbook A had the highest score of the two, which made it the fastest and flipbook B the slowest. The main effect of questions (see table 2 and figure 2) response for question 1 had a mean of M=2.43. Question 2 had a mean of M=2.57, question 3 had a mean of M=2.07, and question 4 had a mean of M=3.93. Based on a two-way, within-subjects ANOVA, the results showed the questions were a statistically significant factor of the experiment; F(3,18)=3.627, p0.05. However, the questions as well differed irrespective of speed quality (Q4A/B). This showed the differences among the four question conditions were impactful in determining other factors such as animation realness (Q1A/B), enjoyment (Q2A/B), and smoothness (Q3A/B). | Table 2: main effect of questions| | | | Q1 Mean| Q2 Mean| Q3 Mean| Q4 Mean| Mean| 2.43| 2.57| 2.07| 3.93| SD| 2.31| 1.87| 2.27| 2.13| SEM| 0.62| 0.50| 0.61| 0.57| The interaction effect between the flipbooks (shown in figure below) and the questions showed that in flipbook A the mean values for the questions were as the following: Question 1 mean M=2.57, question 2 mean M=1.71, question 3 mean M=4.14, question 4 mean M=5.00. In flipbook B the mean values for are as follows: Question 1 mean M=2.29, question 2 mean M=3.43, question 3 mean M=0.00, and question 4 mean M=2.86. This shows that the interaction between the flipbooks and questions were highly significant and falls on a boundary as reported by the two-way, within-subjects ANOVA; F(3,18)=8.144, p=0.001. However, the questions differed irrespective of the speed. The questions received different scores, however not too different to make it insignificant. It had nothing to do with the speed manipulation; rather it showed the differences among the four question conditions were impactful in determining other factors such as realness (Q1A/B), enjoyment (Q2A/B), and smoothness (Q3A/B). Q1 asked about the realness of the animations and they were perceived as real regarding both. The scores show that flipbook A was a little more real than flipbook B by a 0.28 difference of interaction. Q2 asked about the enjoyment of the flipbook and showed that flipbook B was more enjoyable than flipbook A by a 1.72 difference of interaction. Q3 showed that flipbook A was most smooth than flipbook B, and that flipbook B had no perceived smoothness. Q4 showed that speed mattered and affected the quality most in flipbook A, and flipbook B had the slowest speed of the two. The impact of experimental manipulation has shown to be significant between the two independent variables of flipbooks and questions. Discussion The hypothesis in question was to discover if speed affects the quality of apparent motion perceived in a flipbook through research and experimentation. Results indicate that the hypothesis was supported because speed did matter according to the findings. Gepshtein Kubovy (2007) indicated that motion was not always seen along the slower path. It was interesting to find out that the slower flipbook was determined to be most enjoyable in this experiment when interactions were looked at (see figure 3). In Gepshtein Kubovy’s study, they challenged Wallach’s previous study about low-speed assumption, which viewed low speed as prevailing when in competition with faster speeds. However, the results of their existing theory and experiments that challenged Wallach’s found that the ratio of two speeds were always less than unified. Which means motion was not always seen along the slower path. These results may be different because of altering procedures between the two studies, but the most current  research conducted by them indicates what is most rationale when deterring speed effectiveness. In flipbook B, every other page was a different color. The pages that had different colors also did not have any drawings or images on them This was a technique used to find out more through speed manipulation. In a previous study, Giaschi and Anstis (1989) reported that â€Å"apparent motion created by two spots illuminated in alternation looks faster when there is a dark temporal interval between the offset of one spot and the onset of the other than when spots are presented immediately after one another, even though the temporal frequency and spatial seperation spots are held constant.† This helped to support the added feature of flipbook B, which had alternating, darker colored pages. This can be a potential reason as to why the flipbook was most enjoyable than the fast flipbook A; this finding can be a contributing factor for the real world because it can often be assumed that if things move fast (er), then it is better or more enjoyable. On the contrary, it can be more desirable for things to be slowed down, even if by a few seconds, so to give an audience more time to process and comprehend what is happening. It can also aid in exposing people to pay more attention to detail and to be more particular in such a fast paced society. Although slow motion may often be seen as less effective, this does not mean it is less important. Gephstein Kubovy’s study contrasted with Wallach’s theory, but Wallach’s findings occurred between the 1930’s and 1970’s, so in more earlier and previous times his participants may have been more accustomed to slower occurrences; compared to the 21st century’s faster moving conditions. Although the hypothesis was supported by the findings and other scholarly studies, it can as well be assumed that the results could be better and stronger if there were not any major limitations of the experiment. Limitations such as not having a not having the desired facilities and equipment; for instance, in a laboratory designated only for participants or equipment such as MRI machines to factor in brain functioning and perception. It would have also been nice to have more time to conduct this study over months or even years. The use of mathematical equations and  theories might have been important. Being able to have a wide range of participants would be of importance so to look at education level, gender, race, and age to see if those factors bring about any disadvantages, advantages, patterns and/or similarities. Having multiple speeds would have been interesting to add into the experiment. Taking into consideration the amount of pages and certain colors which could effect perception further. Lastly, having considered the son and mother used in the experiment would be interesting to learn if there is some sort of similarities and/or differences between parents and their children. In the future these can be improved so to come across more findings, unsuspecting conditions and/or disregarding current information for a more updated viewpoint. The experiment may have been effected by error, such as by participant misunderstanding or misleading answers that may have been more desirable than another. It may have been an error to counterbalance conditions and control the experiment in that way by manipulating speed and sequence of the flipbooks. There was not much mathematics involved so there were no errors of numbers and data, but the procedure as mentioned potentially could have been. Cumulatively, Gestalt’s theory ties all of this information in to help better understand why we perceive the way we do and how we perceive this, as mentioned in the Introduction. When we see the world as one entire picture rather than one individual part, it assists in humans having an overall pleasurable experience when viewing, perceiving, and sensing the world. Apparent motion strengthens our abilities to think fast and fill in all of the blanks necessary to cumulatively understand any myriad of circumstances. As mentioned in the Introduction, blinking can fill in the blanks that our visual system processes in order to elude an illusionary, motion picture so to view the world as a whole, and not by just parts. This is a concept important to understand and cherish when applied to daily lives because it can help to be appreciative that we view the world so concisely and promptly, when in reality it is not as fast paced as assumed. Concerning flipbook B (slow), it could be advantageous to notice individual parts leading to better comprehension, when noticing entireties. All in all,  there are interrelated factors which tie speed, space, time, apparent motion, real motion, perception, and sensation into many theories of Gestalt. One without the other would not be as effective as when all used wholly. References 1. Gepshtein, S., Kubovy, M. (2007). The lawful perception of apparent motion. Journal of Vision, 7(8), 1-15. 2. Giaschi, D., Anstis, S. (1989). The less you see it, the faster it moves: Shortening the â€Å"on-time† speeds up apparent motion, Vision Research, Volume 29, Issue 3. 3. Green, Marc. Inhibition and facilitation of apparent motion by real motion, Vision Research, Volume 23, Issue 9, 1983, Pages 861-865. 4. Sato, Takao. Reversed apparent motion with random dot patterns, Vision Research, Volume 29, Issue 12, 1989, Pages 1749-1758, ISSN 0042-6989, 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90157-0. 5. Snowden, R. J., Braddick, O., J. (1990) Differences in the processing of short-range apparent motion at small and large displacements, Vision Research, 1211-1222. Volume 30, Issue 8.

Beneatha as a paradigm for African American Women in A Raisin in The Su

In Lorraine Hansberry’s 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun a number of social issues are both explicitly and subtly exemplified through out the characters experiences and relationships. Living in a cramped Chicago apartment, the Youngers’ display both influential goals and conflicting restraints. Beneatha Youngers is a controversial character; she complicates society’s typical gender roles, introduces the wrestle between assimilation and ancestry of African-Americans, but specifically serves as a paradigm for her generation in the play. When Beneatha is first introduced in the play, we see her waking up on a regular morning; she is living under the same confined circumstances as the rest of the characters. Prior to Beneatha’s entrance, the audience observes Walter and Ruth over breakfast. Walter begins to complain about â€Å"colored women† through out the play his character continually spits out patriarchal and misogynistic comments, often targeted at Beneatha. As he finishes his negative complaints, Beneatha enters. The long character description molds her persona. She is illustrated not as pretty but her â€Å"almost intellectual face has a handsomeness of its own†(Hansberry, 35). This specific use of handsome portrays her character as a sharp and unfeminine. Hansberry’s word choice is extremely intentional as she connects Beneatha with masculine qualities, which inherently matches the stereotype of her feminist personality. The fact that her face is also described as intellectual imp lies that she carries an intelligent look in her features. â€Å"Her speech is a mixture of many things; it is different from the rest of the family’s insofar as education has permeated her sense of English- and perhaps the Midwest rather than the south has final... ...list, but she grows to adapt idealist thinking. Her presence in the play was symbolically targeted toward the audience. She is both inspiring and relatable to any audience. At the play’s end it is Beneatha’s character that voices her future plans, even after they successfully move to Clybourne Heights. She proves her goal fluidity by wanting to practice her medical career in Africa, blending her two passions. Beneatha Youngers is the influential prototype for a generation of people, which history has validated. Works Cited Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. New York: Random House, 1958. Print. 2) Wilkerson, Margaret B. "'A Raisin in the Sun': Anniversary of an American Classic." Theatre Journal Johns Hopkins University Press Vol. 38, No. 4.Theatre of Color (1986): 441-452. JSTOR. Web. 29 Mar. 2012. .

Two Restaurants

Food That Tastes Wonderful Is it Olive Garden’s friendly and hospitable service or is it the appetizing and blazing not entrees ll Foranio’s that reminds me of the Italian heritage? Before deciding which restaurant leaves my mouth watering for more, I compare and contrast between taste, service and cost must be considered. For me, choosing which restaurant to recommend to family members is as hard as cutting the perfect pink rose for a floral arrangement. The whole world would be a better place if you could choose a restaurant that always had food that tasted wonderful.At ll Fornaio’s, I feel like a chef in Italy has just prepared my meal. Their pasta melts in your mouth and is always accompanied by hearty and rich sauce. My eyes pop out of head when I see the delectable dessert tray. Then both carry a wide selection of freshly prepared desserts like creamy tiramisu. On the contrary, at Olive Garden, your dinner always comes with all you can eat salad and piping hot breadsticks. Yet, ll Fornaio’s you must order a salad separate from your entree.On the other hand, ll Fornaio’s offers its customers staple sourdough bread served with olive oil and balsamic vinegar spiced with herbs. Similarly, the salad at both restaurants are always fresh and is dressed with a tangy and light vinaigrette. In the same way, both restaurants offer their ravished customers a wide selection of beverages including sodas, teas and coffee to wet their whistles. Delicious, freshly prepared food is a must when I am spending a night out with friends or family. Service is something that I value highly when spending my hard earned money on a night out.The service at Olive Garden is a snail trying to win the mile run race. However, when I arrive at ll Fornaio’s I am seated almost immediately, whereas at Olive Garden, I have to sign a waiting list and they hand me a flashing disk. The servers at Olive Garden, in contrast, seem sometimes annoyed when I a sk for something like more water or an extra plate to share an item. Equally, both restaurants bring my meal in a timely manner. They both give me service with a smile like a sun shinning in the morning sky.Similarly, both places of business are more willing to trade my order if it is not to my satisfaction. If am not going to receive the service I deserve, I might as well walk right out of the establishment and not look back. Do you like throwing your money down the drain? If not, the maybe ll Fornaio’s is not the most cost effective restaurant for you. I often feel that money is flying out of my purse the minute I sit down at my table. On the other hand, ll Fornaio’s does offer more food for the price.An average bill at Olive Garden is about forty dollars, whereas at ll Fornaio’s the final bill can range from fifty to one hundred dollars based on your choice of entrees, appetizers, drinks and desserts. Unlike Fornaio’s, Olive Garden does offer specials on certain dishes at specific times of the year. In the same way, both restaurants offer drinks that are similar in price and that prices included refills. Also, Olive Garden and ll Fornaio’s both have appetizers that are around the same price for the same generous helping.Value is a huge factor in deciding which restaurant I would choose to refer a friend or family member. Yes, Olive Garden offers more food for the money, but the aroma and taste from ll Fornaio’s entrees are by far superior, not to mention the provide better service for the customer. Based on my evaluation of the two restaurants, I would have to choose ll Fornaio’s. Next time you are in the mood for true Italian cuisine, try Olive Garden and ll Fornaio’s, and then make the choice for yourself! ‘

Marx and Nietzsches Theories Essay - 3981 Words

Marx and Nietzsches Theories Society is flawed. There are critical imbalances in it that cause much of humanity to suffer. In, the most interesting work from this past half-semester, The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx is reacting to this fact by describing his vision of a perfectly balanced society, a communist society. Simply put, a communist society is one where all property is held in common. No one person has more than the other, but rather everyone shares in the fruits of their labors. Marx is writing of this society because, he believes it to be the best form of society possible. He states that communism creates the correct balance between the needs of the individual and the needs of society. And furthermore thinks that sometimes†¦show more content†¦This topic in itself can be broken down even further. First, the flaws with the current system in respect to the bourgeois and proletariat will be shown, which will reveal the problems in the relationship between individual and society. Secondly, the way that communism addresses these issues, and the rights of the individual, as seen through the manifesto, will be elaborated on in great detail. Quite clearly, Marx is concerned with the organization of society. He sees that the majority of society, more specifically, the proletariat, are living in sub-human conditions. Marx also sees that the bourgeoisie have a disproportionate amount of property and power, and because of that, they abuse it. He writes of how the current situation with the bourgeoisie and proletariat developed. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. There has always been struggles the between two classes, an upper and lower class. However, Marx speaks of the current order saying, It [bourgeois] has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. The very nature ofShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between The German Philosophers And Friedrich Nietzsche And Karl Marx960 Words   |  4 PagesBoth of the German philosophers, Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx, have spoken levels on the nature and purpose of human beings, however, the defining difference in their criticisms and teachings is the idea of where ‘power’ comes from and what man is supposed to do with it. 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Gender Determined Experiences of the Holocaust - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1654 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? The Holocaust had an underlying theme of gender, as it played a major role in this horrific event. The Holocaust is often seen as a story of men, whether an S.S officer, a doctor, or forced workmen. Often women are thought of less, and possibly pushed aside as a mother or wife. Although gender is fluid, the Nazis did not address this complex matter. At this time, the genders and the role men and women took on were very segregated. Gender determined experiences through power struggles, mental abuse, motherly roles, and sexual violence. When it came to gender and roles, men struggled because of the lack of power and lack of ability to fulfill their typical role of being the provider and protector. Men often experienced most of the physical harming, such as beatings. In the camps, men looked worse than [women] did, women could suffer more than a man, mens spirits were broken much more than [womens]but men may have endured harsher treatment from the guards. The men would also be publically humiliated. Old Jewish men were tied to carts, beaten, and mocked. This author clearly states that the men were the ones being beaten. Also, the power positions, such as Nazi guards and officers, were almost always men. This was difficult for middle and high class Jewish men, who were used to holding high positions. These beatings and acts of humiliation by Nazis were very distressing for men, especially because of the stigma of having to be strong and manly. This constant struggle for power took a toll on those who could not achiev e their usual accustomed role. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Determined Experiences of the Holocaust" essay for you Create order Ghettos had Jewish Councils and Jewish police, which gave Jewish men a chance to express a form of power. As a councilman, one had to enforce Nazi orders and administer the daily affairs of the ghettos. Men were appointed based on their role before the war. Most often, the council would be made up of community leaders. The council had to distribute food, enforce social and cultural life, and create a sense of community. Often, the councilmen had to make difficult choices. For example, they had to come up with lists of people to be deported to death camps and concentration camps. If one could not perform his task on the council, he was killed and replaced. Many of these men had major internal struggles which caused them to commit suicide. Others attempted to negotiate with the Nazi rulers to save family and friends. Most members of the Jewish Councils were murdered, regardless or not if they carried out commands. The internal operations were left in the hands of the Jewish police, who worked under close supervision of the Germans. The policemens main job was to round up those on the list for deportation. This took a harsh mental toll on the men, considering they were sending their fellow prisoners to their death. Often, the Jewish police helped smuggle children out of the ghetto and get food and weapons in. This was very risky, and they were often caught. When discovered, they would face brutal torture, and usually were killed. Men in certain camps were also used as Sonderkommandos, a special unit of Jewish men who were forced to work within the gas chambers. Their primary job was to maintain order before their peers entered the gas chambers, remove the bodies after being gassed, and sort through them for personal belongings. Abraham Bomba, a worker in the Sonderkommando at Treblinka, stated that he took all of the clothes to big placessix and seven stories highand we had to put together cotton with cotton and silk with silk. Bomba also worked as a barber in the camp. He said that he had to cut off womens hair so they were not suspicious that they [were] going to be killed. This work was extremely beneficial for the Nazis, because it helped them conclude the killing process in a more efficient way. It was the Nazis intention to murder the Sonderkommando after a certain amount of time, so that there would be no witnesses left after the war. This process was very disturbing for the Jewish men in the Sonderkom mando. This form of labor was difficult both physically and mentally, and in the end, most did not survive. Rather than physical labor, womans hardship included mental, medical, and sexual abuse. Specified harm was typically seen in the all female prison camps, such as Ravensbruck. Upon arrival at Ravensbruck, Holocaust survivor Blanka Rothschild stated that the women were stripped of their clothes, and went to a medical examination[they] were humiliated at every moment. Rothschild recalled a violating and abusive gynecological exam. She suggested that the men in control used their power to humiliate the victims through forced nudity and aggressive sexual acts. She also stated that after the war, it was especially difficult for women who could not have children due to the harm and assaults performed by the Nazi doctors and guards. After the initial entry process, if one was clearly pregnant, they were sent straight to their death or taken to the Nazi doctors. Although a rare occurrence, if women fell pregnant while in the camps they would be physically beaten and most likely killed. To avoid these consequences, often the pregnant women would attempt to self abort, which sometimes severely harmed the women. Additionally, Nazi doctors would experiment on women through testing. In one instance, Ruth Elias entered the camps as a pregnant lady. She was chosen to be observed in a special unit throughout her pregnancy. Once she gave birth, Joseph Mengele directed the Polish midwife to put a bandage over [Elias] breasts, she must not feed the baby. [Mengele] want[ed] to see how long a baby [could] live without food. In the days following the birth of her child, Elias secretly fed the baby soft bread and soup, but it was not enough nourishment to keep her alive. A nurse brought Elias a syringe of morphine, because if t he baby died, Elias would be saved. The baby died hours later, and Elias was transported. This is only one example of the physical and mental effects the Nazi doctors had on the women prisoners. Another example, perhaps the most prevalent of all experiments was sterilization methods. These experiments would often result in permanent physical damage, or even death. Although women faced these harsh, unpredictable conditions in the concentration camps, they used their inherent coping and bonding skills to motivate each other to live. Compared to men, womens coping skills were more advanced. Women were typically seen as homemakers. Their values and roles were centered around being a mother, and a protector. Unique variables such as coping skills and bonding abilities gave women the strength needed to protect their families. Women often bonded over starvation. They would talk about food, and their favorite meals from home. Imagining the taste, sharing recipes, and creating menus helped women cope within the harsh conditions. This food talk, called cooking with the mouth, was a gendered form of nostalgia which helped women create a sense of community. Eva Oswalt, a survivor of Ravensbruck, wrote a cookbook that survived the Holocaust. Two recipes of apricot dumplings and a Hungarian omelette were written down. This was ironic because all of the ingredients in these dishes were difficult to find during the war. In the concentration camp, these recipes acted as a reminder of Evas past. Exchanging cookbooks and recipes were very comforting to women, and truly helped them survive. While many were bonding through gender, other women were being sexually targeted and abused based on their gender. Rape and sexual assault was prevalent, and often women thought it as a chance to ensure their loved ones survival. There [was] an emphasis on womens sexual and reproductive experiencesbecause they carried the next generation of Jews. Traumatic memories of torture, abuse, and rape were not usually documented, but have been discovered through the victims stories. On the other hand, many turned to sexual slavery, which was referred to as prostitution during the Holocaust, in hopes of achieving safety. Prostitutes found themselves faced with what Lawrence Langer termed a choiceless choice. Women exchanged sex for food, possessions, and safety. Jewish prostitution and rape by German soldiers was forbidden when camps and ghettos were established, but the soldiers continued to engaged in sexual relations. Sexual assault often occurred in the barracks, at labor sites, and in medical units. These forms of violence was done for to manifest power, as a form of gratification, and to display an a lternative form of anti-Semitism. Specifically, the Warsaw ghetto was known for prostitution and sexual assault. A document was found after the war that was addressed to Heinz Auerswald, a German SS officer and lawyer, stating that it is the poverty of the females, rather than the desire of the males, that leads to new prostituteswho want in this way to provide a livelihood for themselves and their relativesthrough sex, women and girls could gain a greater chance of survival. Other instances of sexual violence appeared in death camps. Jankiel Wiernik, a prominent figure in the Treblinka resistance, recalled seeing countless acts of sexual assault. He stated that the Ukrainian guards would select the most attractive Jewish girls, drag them into barracks, raped them, then brought them to the gas chambers. The role of women as a protector and nurturer, quickly developed into giving up themselves in hopes of survival. Men and womens experiences throughout the Holocaust were very different. Men were typically targeted through forced labor, which included both mental and physical abuse, whereas women were attacked for vulnerability through medicine and sexual assault. Ones gender definitely impacted his or her experience throughout the camps and ghettos, and it is important to acknowledge these differences, to ensure a more holistic understanding of this horrific event in history.

The Assassination Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy - 873 Words

The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, also known as JFK, is one of the most infamous and tragic events in American history. JFK was one of the United States’ most influential politicians, and in the year 1961 he was appointed to be president. Less than a thousand days later, JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, by gunman Lee Harvey Oswald. JFK was beloved both by many Americans and those abroad, and thus his death came as a terrible shock to many across the globe. JFK was a great and stalwart individual - a man who stood apart from the general stock - and it is blatantly obvious to anyone with a brain that he did not deserve to be assassinated. In the month of November, on the twenty-second day and in the year of 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated. This tragic event came to be as JFK was touring through Dallas with his wife, despite warnings that many residents of Dallas and surrounding areas viewed his presidency with outright hostility. â€Å"JFK seemed to rel ish the prospect of leaving Washington, getting out among the people and into the political fray.† (JFK Library) Kennedy’s open-top limousine was forced to detour through a low-speed area and during this time the assassin struck. Shooting Kennedy twice, it was first to the neck, and then to the head. Kennedy died with the second blow. This horrid display occurred in front of Americans across the nation. Children were forced to watch as their hero and the man they idolized was reduced to little more than aShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy1632 Words   |  7 PagesMorgan Oates Professor Holland United States History II 3 March 2015 The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, formally known as JFK, was born on May 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He successfully attended Choate Boarding School and his Alma Mater was Harvard University, After completing his education he decided he wanted to help society somehow. As a result of that, he enlisted in the United States Army the night before World War two began. After his Navy daysRead MoreThe Assassination Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy1719 Words   |  7 Pagesdeath of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. On the day of November 22, 1963 the history of the United States was changed forever. This event was the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and is one of the most interesting topics in American history because there are conspiracy theories surrounding the event despite no actual evidence behind a cover up of the assassination. Looking back on Kennedy’s and Oswald’s (his killer) lives and deaths, the reasons why there was an assassination, and theRead MoreThe As sassination Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesyears is the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Friday on November 22, 1963, the 35th President of the United States, JFK, was shot at 12:30 PM while traveling in Dallas, Texas to appear in the next presidential campaign. Thousands of Americans whom was present at Dallas, Texas just witness the murder of the United States president. Many Americans believed that the United States government was behind the JFK assassination. 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Needless to say, many people were wary of whether or not his religion would influence his decision or if he would become an advocate for Catholic beliefs. Unlike many of the past Presidents, the first lady will play a major role for the duration Kennedy was President. Being the leader of the United States was very important and many precautions were required to keep theRead MoreThe Assassination Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy2088 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy was not the first US president to be murdered, three presidents before him had died after being shot by an assassin. They were Abraham Linco ln in 1865, James Garfield in 1881, and William McKinley in 1901. Kennedy’s death seemed particularly shocking because he was still young and seemed to have so much still to do as a President, there seemed to be no motive for his killing. The Kennedys came from Boston, Massachusetts. John was born 29th May 1917, the second of nine childrenRead MoreThe Assassination Of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy Assassination865 Words   |  4 Pageswere not born, for one reason. The assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy transpired in Dallas, Texas. His assassination became a topic of controversy as the idea of a lone sniper committing the act was hard to accept. The assassin would go on to die a few days later. Media outlets around the nation were in shock. The local Metroplex stations panicked like everyone else. As a native Texan, correction native Dallasite, I view the Kennedy assassination differently than most Americans. IRead MoreWas The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy a Conspiracy?794 Words   |  4 Pages Was The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy a Conspiracy? On November 22nd, 1963 at 12:30 p.m in Dallas, Texas, one of the most horrific events in American History took place. The assassination of John F. Kennedy. Crowds were cheering as JFK was on a ten mile route that would pass through Dallas, Texas. John Kennedy was in the back seat of a 1961 four door Lincoln Continental convertible when this tragic event occurred. The driver took a left off of Main street passing by the Texas SchoolRead More Conspiracy Behind The Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy3295 Words   |  14 Pages John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 46, President for 1,026 days, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas Texas. He, his wife, Jackie, the Vice President and many others were in Dallas for a reelection campaign for the upcoming election in 1964 when the horrible incident happened. Sadly, there is no decent explanation of the assassination from the government – The Warren Report is a 26 Volume Report that claims that Lee Harvey Oswald is the lone assassin – I do not agree with this. The CIA wasRead MoreThe Assassination Of The War And Formation Of Civil Rights1550 Words   |  7 Pages Political Assassination Danielle Ferreira U.S Government Date Introduction Political assassination is defined as the act of killing a political figure mainly for political reasons. In most cases, the motive behind political assassinations is beyond the person who is killed. Assassinations have been rampant across the globe for ages and these assassinations do cause lots of political instabilities in a country especially when key personalities such as heads of states are the victims

Strategic Management Of Woolworths Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Of Woolworths. Answer: Introduction Strategic Managementis recognition and explanation of the strategies managers can take so as to attain improved performance and a competitive advantage for organization. An organization is said to be competitive if the average profitability is higher than all the companies. The key to gain success lies in the management. In such a highly competitive business environment it is themanagement that works well in coordination (Abbott Booth, 2014). Woolworths in 2015 went a significant structural change. Some of the subsidiary of the company was shut down due to poor performance. The report furnishes the approach in which the organization can manage the crises. The organization has reported a loss in 2015 in 10 years. Organization Overview Woolworths Limitedis anAustraliancompany providing with wideretailinterest all over Australia andNew Zealand. It is the second largest company by revenue in Australia. The organization is known as the second largest organization in New Zealand. In addition, Woolworths is providing with various retail facilities across Australia meeting out all the requirements of the retail sector. It holds a significant market position and performs efficiently by working in an effective way. Issue There is a rising market pressure that has forced companies to revolutionize the management structure. Woolworths is facing extreme pressure from its competitors due to a change in the retail market segment. Woolworths In the recent time has been facing too much market demands from its competitors: Cole, Mark Spenser etc (Defoe, 2013). It is evident to notice that the retail sector in Australia has employed a large number of people. The organization has been facing an extreme change in its share price due to huge loss. The company is following the cost cutting measures to build trust in consumers (Hyam and Ong, 2016). Recently the organization has to close some of its stores due to lack of income. They were powerless to manage their process into various segments. This caused a loss to the retail industry. Woolworth is failing to please customer. They are losing confidence in the brand. International low-cost brands like Aldi. Due to which the customers are switching to other brands to reassure their requirements. The change in the market requirements is affecting consumers buying behavior due to intervention from international brands like Costco and Aldi (Treadgold, 2015). Strategic intervention Strategic Intervention is related to extracting the majority of sensible and effectual forms of strategic act and communication commencing a range of disciplines. The aim of strategic intervention is to train by developing an extremely practical method for taking action. This allow in guaranteeing growth in a strategic way in order to get things done within an effective framework. Human needs are fulfilled and elevated based on the Need and opportunities available in the market in order to match up with the expectations. A strategic change is essential for an organization to survive (Anderson Anderson, 2010; Bolman Deal, 2013). This will help in reinforcing to get the maximum results (Rhodie, 2000). Woolworths understand the importance of retaining employees. Employees are an imperative asset an organization requirements to focus on its mission and objectives. It is essential to bring in attention of every individual over the instance in order to incorporate changes. The organization desires to offer its employees with the power to bring the change. Woolworths has understood the importance of creating short term goals for the long term survi val (Cameron and Green, 2004). It is only probable to gain sustainable results by working on persistent goals. Strategic implementation is an essential way to make a change lastingly in the organization. Woolworths has strategically adopted the policy in order to gain a persistent change. Woolworths has to develop an effective market strategy to bring support in the senior executive. Themanagement at Woolworths is losing faith in the organization. This is affecting the employees sustainability. Woolworths has announced a loss of $ 1.235 billion for the financial year 2016. Woolworths has incurred loss due to the failure of its brand (Master Business and Big W Business. Due to which they have registered the biggest loss in 20 years (Chung, 2016). Intervention in business is importance for building tough strategies that aim to develop an effective change in the organization. Business interventions are important for bringing a change in the organization. These interventions help in increasing the competence and ability of the organization. Technology intervention Woolworths has gained a competitive advantage by adding Technology. It is a way through which people come close to each other. In a competitive atmosphere, Technology development is an important process to gain success. Customers are typically inclined to the organizations that are technology upgraded. Woolworths has strategically upgraded the e-commerce technology in order to satisfy the objectives of customers (Ryall and Bramson, 2013). An organization technologically handicapped cant live in a long run. Market trends have revealed that a large number of sections are buying goods online (Liguori, 2012). Woolworths has upgraded its website in order to promote interest of the people. This allow in an easy flow of technology for achieve sustainable organizational goals. By adding technology with the organization it is possible to strengthen the capacity on a long run. By focusing over the sustainability and organizational potential it is possible to gain growth and effectiveness. By f ocusing over the growth it is possible to manage longevity and sustainability. Woolworths has understood that, Employees are an important asset an organization needs to focus on. It is essential to bring in attention of every individual over the instance in order to incorporate changes (Goolsby Reed, 2016). Human resource intervention In order to gain definite results, Woolworths has developed effective market strategies through social processes. This is allowing in gaining a competitive advantage by developing an effective market growth. This is making an effective market presence by organizing people behavior and motivating them to add onto the productivity. The change in the organizational structure has a long-lasting impact on the growth (Cameron Green, 2004; Low, 2016). For achieving usefulness It is extra significant to classify the efforts that are been organization member. A change in the organizational structure has affected the organizational growth. It is essential to appreciate the general dynamics of the organization. HR intervention is an obligatory step towards gaining effective results (Chung, 2016). Recently, Woolworths has reported a market turnaround, with the supermarket lifting analogous food sales by 4.5 per cent to $9.3 billion in the third quarter. Woolworths said overall customer satisfaction had improved and items-per-basket growth remained positive at 4.7 per cent (Chugh, 2017). Average prices declined by 2.5 per cent during the quarter, compared with 2.6 per cent in the previous quarter, largely driven by declines in general merchandise and grocery which offset higher fruit and vegetable prices. The Organization has gained a significant market share due to its effective market strategies. This has helped the organization in gaining effective market results (Chugh, 2017; Somasundaram, 2017). Recommendations and Conclusion It is recommended that the organization need to develop an effective market share by gaining an effective market share. The organization is able to make effective framework by adding the market advantage in order to develop sustainable results. There is a need t o implement a structured model instead of spending money on the sick unit. These units are causing a burden and hence affecting overall profits. Secondly it is necessary to develop a customer-centric approach. This approach will help in managing the goals. There are other brands in the market that are providing a sustainable growth in the market. This is only possible if the organization is able to compete against the other competitive brands. In order to grow in the market it is evident for the business organization to focus on arranging market capacity. Lastly, the strategic capacity of the organization is to focus on online services. The brand needs to develop an effective market growth by helping the customers in managing the sales. These strategic interventions are important to help the sick unit in order to gain sustainable market growth. Woolworths has to develop a strategic market growth structure helping them in restructuring. All these diagnosis tools will allow in gaining results by reviving the market competency. Strategic market growth and scope will help in arranging an effective market position. This will help in managing systematic growth through up-gradation of the system. References Abbott,H. Booth,H. (2014)Foundations for Operating Department Practice: Essential Theory for Practice.UK: McGraw-Hill Education Anderson,D. Anderson,L. (2010)Beyond Change Management: How to Achieve Breakthrough Results Through Conscious Change Leadership. USA: John Wiley Sons Bolman,L. . Deal,T. (2013)Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice, Leadership. USA:John Wiley Sons Cameron,E. Green,M.(2004) Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change. UK :Kogan Page Publishers Chugh,F.2017. Woolworths continues sales turnaround. [Online].Available from: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/woolworths-continues-sales-turnaround/news-story/278f4a15fc1a57b7845fdddd094c6819 [Accessed on 22/08/17] Chung, F.(2016). Woolworths unveils $1.235 billion loss. [Online] Available from: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/woolworths-unveils-1235-billion-loss/news-story/5a6cd1f33658f536b47d95b305c5bc67 [Accessed on 22/08/17] Defoe,D.2013.[Online].Availableat: https://www.psycholawlogy.com/2013/05/31/understing-organizations-using-the-four-frame-model-factories-or-machines-structure-family-human-resources-jungle-politics--theatres-temples-or-carnivals-symbols/ [Accessed on 22/08/17] Goolsby,Reed,(2016)[Online]Availableat:https://job.sagepub.com.ezproxy-b.deakin.edu.au/content/53/3/326.abstract [Accessed on 13/09/16] Hyam, R. and Ong.T. (2016).Woolworths reports almost $1 billion loss in half-year results [Online]. Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-26/Woolworthss-reports-almost-$1-billion-loss/7202004 (Accessed on: 22/08/17) Liguori, M., (2012) The Supremacy of the Sequence: Key Elements and Dimensions in the Process of Change. Organization Studies, 33(4), pp.507-539. Low, C.2016. [Online].Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/woolworths-slumps-to-1234-billion-loss-20160824-gr0dvl.html [Accessed on 22/08/17] Somasundaram, N.2017. There are glimpses of a Woolworths turnaround ahead of its half year results. [Online].Available from: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/there-are-glimpses-of-a-woolworths-turnaround-ahead-of-its-half-year-results-2017-2[Accessed on 22/08/17]